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The role of collagen supplementation in nutrition strategies

Wendy Martinson
Article written by Wendy Martinson

Date published 17 July 2020

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In athletes, given the amount of training they undertake, maintaining healthy connective tissue is a key component of everyday lives. Here Wendy Martinson discusses the role of collagen in the maintenance, repair and remodelling of connective tissue.

Why is collagen important?

Collagen is a major structural protein of ligaments, tendon, bone and cartilage. Maintaining the integrity of these connective tissues is critical to enabling physical movement and activity. Collagen itself is a protein that is rich in the amino acids glycine, hydroxyproline and proline, which are provided through our daily food intake.1

Collagen is one of approximately 300 proteins that make up the complex system of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that gives structural and biochemical support to the surrounding connective tissue.2 Good nutrition and exercise are fundamental in maintaining the function of this matrix.

How does collagen supplementation work?

First and foremost, a good diet is crucial to provide the right balance of macro- and micronutrients that the body needs to stay healthy and function normally. This is especially important for athletes undertaking a challenging training program. However, there may be specific periods of time, during injury for example, when supplementation may be beneficial to help support repair and remodelling of the injured tissues.

Although there is still much more work to be done in this area, current research does suggest that supplementing with hydrolysed collagen or gelatin and vitamin C will provide the amino acid building blocks that may promote greater collagen synthesis in connective tissue.3, 4 Vitamin C acts as a co-factor; this means it is required for the activity of the enzyme involved in the production of hydroxyproline, which is one of the major proteins found in collagen.5

There have been several studies looking at the impact of collagen supplementation on connective tissue. One study observed thickened knee cartilage in osteoarthritic patients when supplementing with 10g collagen hydrolysate over a 6-month period.6 Another study reported a decrease in knee pain in athletes taking 10g collagen hydrolysate daily over 24 weeks.7

More recent studies looked at the effect of different preparations of collagen supplements on collagen synthesis rate in bone. Subjects took 15g collagen enriched with 48mg vitamin C, either as a drink containing gelatin or hydrolysed collagen, or as a gummy containing equal parts of both.1

To load the musculoskeletal system and stimulate bone collagen synthesis, subjects did 6 minutes of continuous jump rope 1 hour after consuming the supplement. After another 4 hours blood levels of Procollagen 1 N-terminal Propeptide (PINP) were measured. Procollagen 1 N-terminal Propeptide (PINP) is generally used as a marker of bone metabolism due to its high turnover rate, and so was measured to represent bone collagen synthesis.

Results showed firstly that the components of the collagen supplements were absorbed, as levels of glycine, lysine, proline, hydroxyproline and hydroxylycine were all elevated in the blood at the 1-hour time point after consumption. Earlier studies have also shown blood levels of collagen-specific amino acids to increase following collagen hydrolysate supplementation.8, 9

Secondly, changes in PINP levels suggested that collagen synthesis increased approximately 20% (although not statistically significant) from baseline in the gelatin and hydrolysed collagen groups, but not in the gummy (authors suggested this may be due to a lack of vitamin C which could have been deactivated due to heat exposure) or placebo group 4 hours after completing the 6-minute jump rope.

Previous work done looked at collagen synthesis in bone but also in engineered ligaments. The randomised crossover study was designed to compare the impact on collagen synthesis of a supplement containing either 0g,  5g or 15g gelatin with 48mg vitamin C taken 1 hour before the 6-minute rope skipping to load the musculoskeletal system.10

Those subjects consuming 15g gelatin showed twice the collagen synthesis, measured through serum propeptide levels, as either placebo or the 5g group. When serum from the subjects with increasing doses of gelatin was added to engineered ligaments for 6 days there was a corresponding increase in collagen content.

What collagen supplementation strategy could you use?

If you have an injury or niggle in your joints or connective tissue, then first of all make sure you are eating regularly with good sources of protein (including leucine-rich sources), essential fats, vitamin C, zinc, copper and calcium to name a few of the key elements involved in healing and repair. Plan your meals and use the spare time you may have, if not able to train as much, to try some new recipes.

In addition to establishing a good meal pattern, specific supplementation may be beneficial. There is growing evidence that combining specific loading exercise (make sure you get advice on this) with nutritional interventions may provide the stimulus to the cells of tendons or ligaments to increase collagen synthesis and promote healing.10, 11, 12 Such interventions include supplementing the diet with hydrolysed collagen or gelatin, both of which contain specific amino acids required for collagen synthesis, alongside vitamin C.

Exercise stimulates blood flow, and so timing nutrient ingestion before exercise is important to enhance nutrient delivery to the injured site, as generally blood flow to inactive tendons and ligaments is limited. This will also take advantage of the cellular processes activated by the exercise stimulus in order to maximise collagen synthesis.12, 13

In summary, current evidence suggests that starting an exercise bout 60 minutes after consuming ~10g collagen hydrolysate or 15g gelatin with 50mg vitamin C results in greater collagen synthesis in the recovery period after exercise.

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Wendy Martinson

About Wendy Martinson

Wendy Martinson OBE RSEN is Lead Performance Nutritionist and Intensive Rehabilitation Nutritionist for the English Institute of Sport and Lead Nutritionist for the Great Britain Rowing Team.

*REFERENCES
References

1Lis, D., M., Baar, K. (2019). Effects of different vitamin C -enriched collagen derivatives on collagen synthesis, International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 29, 526-531.
2Yue, B. (2014). Biology of the extracellular matrix: an overview, Journal of Glaucoma 23:S20-S23.
3Heaton, L., E et al. (2017). Selected in-season nutritional strategies to enhance recovery for team sport athletes: a practical overview, Sports Medicine 47, 2201-2218.
4Maughan, R., J et al. (2018). IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete, Sports Medicine 52, 439-455.
5Close, G et al. (2018). Nutrition for the prevention and treatment of injuries in track and field athletes, International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 29, 2, 187-197
6McAlindon, TE. et al. (2011). Change in knee osteoarthritic cartilage detected by delayed gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging following treatment with collagen hydrolysate, Osteoarthritis and cartilage 19: 399-405
7Clark, K. et al. (2008). 24-week study on the use of collagen hydrolysate as a dietary supplement in athletes with activity-related joint pain, Current Medical Research and Opinion 24: 1485 – 1496
8Shigemura, Y. et al. (2014). Dose dependent changes in the levels of free and peptide forms of hydroxyproline in human plasma after collagen hydrolysate ingestion, Food Chemistry 159: 328 – 332.
9Sugihara, F et al. (2012). Quantification of hydroxyproline-glycine in human blood after ingestion of collagen hydrolysate, Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 113: 202-203
10Shaw, G.et al. (2017). Vitamin-C enriched gelatin supplementation before intermittent activity augments collagen synthesis, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 105: 136-143
11Shaw, G. et al (2019). Rehabilitation and nutrition protocols for optimising return to play from traditional ACL reconstruction in elite rugby union players: A case study, Journal of Sports Sciences 7(15):1794-1803
12Baark, K. (2017). Stress relaxation and targeted nutrition to treat patellar tendinopathy, International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 29, 453-457.
13Baar, K. (2017). Minimizing Injury and Maximizing Return to Play: Lessons from Engineered Ligaments, Sports Medicine 47: 5 – 11